Almond supplementation on appetite measures, body weight, and body composition in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled trials
Background and objective: Almond consumption has an inverse relationship with obesity and factors related to metabolic syndrome. However, the results of available clinical trials are inconsistent. Therefore, we analyzed the results of 37 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and evaluated the association of almond consumption with subjective appetite scores and body compositions. Methods: Net changes in bodyweight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), body fat percent, fat-free mass (FFM), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subjective appetite scores were used to calculate the effect size, which was reported as a weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: This meta-analysis was performed on 37 RCTs with 43 treatment arms. The certainty in the evidence was very low for appetite indices, body fat percent, FFM, VAT, and WHR, and moderate for other parameters as assessed by the GRADE evidence profiles. Pooled effect sizes indicated a significant reducing effect of almond consumption on body weight (WMD: -0.45 kg, 95% CI: -0.85, -0.05, p = 0.026), WC (WMD: -0.66 cm, 95% CI: -1.27, -0.04, p = 0.037), FM (WMD: -0.66 kg, 95% CI: -1.16, -0.17, p = 0.009), and hunger score (WMD: -1.15 mm, 95% CI: -1.98, -0.32, p = 0.006) compared with the control group. However, almond did not have a significant effect on BMI (WMD: -0.20 kg m-2 , 95% CI: -0.46, 0.05, p = 0.122), body fat percent (WMD: -0.39%, 95% CI: -0.93, 0.14, p = 0.154), FFM (WMD: -0.06, 95% CI: -0.47, 0.34, p = 0.748), WHR (WMD: -0.04, 95% CI: -0.12, 0.02, p = 0.203), VAT (WMD: -0.33 cm, 95% CI: -0.99, 0.32), fullness (WMD: 0.46 mm, 95% CI: -0.95, 1.88), desire to eat (WMD: 0.98 mm, 95% CI: -4.13, 2.23), and prospective food consumption (WMD: 1.08 mm, 95% CI: -2.11, 4.28). Subgroup analyses indicated that consumption of ≥50 g almonds per day resulted in a significant and more favorable improvement in bodyweight, WC, FM, and hunger score. Body weight, WC, FM, body fat percent, and hunger scores were decreased significantly in the trials that lasted for ≥12 weeks and in the subjects with a BMI < 30 kg/m2. Furthermore, a significant reduction in body weight and WC was observed in those trials that used a nut-free diet as a control group, but not in those using snacks and other nuts. The results of our analysis suggest that almond consumption may significantly improve body composition indices and hunger scores when consumed at a dose of ≥50 g/day for ≥12 weeks by individuals with a BMI < 30 kg/m2. Conclusion: However, further well-constructed randomized clinical trials are needed in order ascertain the outcome of our analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13711
Almond Consumption May Improve Body Composition Indices and Hunger Scores
Eating at least 50 grams of almonds per day was associated with improvements across several indicators
In a study published recently in the journal Obesity Reviews, researchers set out to understand the relationship between almond consumption and subjective appetite scores and body composition.
The study was a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled trials with a total of 43 treatment arms. Net changes in bodyweight, body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass, body fat percent, fat-free mass, waist-to-hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue and subjective appetite scores were used to calculate the effect size.
Pooled effect sizes indicated a significant reducing effect of almond consumption on body weight and hunger score compared with the control group. Subgroup analyses showed that consuming at least 50 grams of almonds per day resulted in a significant and more favorable improvement in bodyweight, waist circumference, fat mass and hunger score. Body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, body fat percent and hunger scores decreased significantly in trials that lasted for 12 weeks or more, and in participants with a body mass index higher than 30 kg/m2. Moreover, a significant reduction in body weight and waist circumference was observed in trials that used a nut-free diet as a control group.
The findings suggest that consuming at least 50 grams of almonds per day for at least 12 weeks may significantly improve body composition indices and hunger scores in individuals with a body mass index higher than 30 kg/m2.
Chahibakhsh, N., Rafieipour, N., Rahimi, H., RajabiNezhad, S., Momeni, S. A., Motamedi, A., Malekzadeh, J., Islam, M. S., & Mohammadi-Sartang, M. (2024). Almond supplementation on appetite measures, body weight, and body composition in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 10.1111/obr.13711. Advance online publication.
Early Introduction of Peanut Associated With Lower Sensitization and Allergy
Younger siblings of peanut consumers fared better when peanut was introduced early
In a recent study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, researchers tested the hypothesis that peanut allergy develops as a result of cutaneous exposure in the absence of oral consumption. Evaluation of the younger siblings of participants in the Learning Early About Peanut (LEAP) study provided an opportunity to understand the impact of environmental peanut exposure during infancy and early childhood on the development of peanut sensitization and allergy.
The study was a prospective randomized trial of high environmental versus low environmental peanut exposure. Researchers evaluated the allergic status of younger siblings who resided in the home of LEAP participants at any time during the LEAP intervention. The study included a total of 144 younger siblings of peanut avoiders and 154 younger siblings of peanut consumers.
Among younger siblings of peanut consumers, those who started eating peanut in the first year of life had a significantly lower rate of sensitization than those who did not introduce peanut in the first year of life. The researchers concluded that the trend towards increased sensitization and allergy in younger siblings of peanut consumers was greatly reduced if the sibling introduced peanut early.
Lack, G., Du Toit, G., Radulovic, S., Feeney, M., Fischer, H., Byron, M., ... & Huffaker, M. (2024). An Unintentional Randomized Trial of Early Environmental Exposure to Peanut: The Younger Siblings of LEAP Participants. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 153(2), AB367.
Nut Consumption During Pregnancy Associated With Lower Risk of Peer Problems in 5-Year-Olds
Study confirms relationship between maternal nut intake and childhood behavioral problems
A recent study published in the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition explored the association between maternal nut intake during pregnancy and the risk of childhood behavioral problems in 5-year-old children in Japan.
A total of 1,199 mother-child pairs were included in this prebirth cohort study. Researchers assessed dietary intake using a diet history questionnaire. The parent-reported version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems and low prosocial behavior.
Compared with children whose mothers who had not eaten nuts during pregnancy, children whose mothers did eat nuts had a significantly reduced risk of peer problems. The findings suggest that maternal consumption of nuts during pregnancy may be associated with a decreased risk of peer problems in children at five years of age. The researchers acknowledge the need for additional epidemiological studies and studies to investigate the mechanisms underlying the observed preventive association.
Nguyen, M. Q., Miyake, Y., Tanaka, K., Hasuo, S., Nakamura, Y., Okubo, H., Sasaki, S., & Arakawa, M. (2024). Nut consumption during pregnancy is associated with decreased risk of peer problems in 5-year-old Japanese children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 10.1002/jpn3.12177. Advance online publication.
March 2024 News Brief
Secure Your Spot at the Exclusive INC Congress in Vancouver
Be a part of the prestigious gathering for the nut and dried fruit sector
Gather with 1,300+ esteemed company owners, presidents and CEOs from prominent global corporations from May 8-10 to gain insights, forge connections and conduct business with professionals from 65 countries. Over the three-day event, 60+ speakers will provide invaluable insights into market trends, crop forecasts and industry trajectories. With 1,100 industry leaders from 450 companies already confirmed, don’t miss out! [Register now]
Hurry! Limited Exhibit and Sponsorship Opportunities Remain
Last chance to showcase your brand to this specialized audience
Increase your brand’s exposure by sponsoring or exhibiting at the INC Congress in Vancouver and across the INC network through pre-event communications!
- Don’t miss out on the chance to elevate your brand with sponsorships like Golf & Tennis, Panel Sessions, Exclusive Gift and Standard Sponsorship! [Sponsor now]
- Last booth space remains in Nutfruit Plaza, the hub of congress activities. [Exhibit now]
INC Confirms Keynotes and Guest Speakers
Gain insider knowledge from these top professionals
Keynote speakers:
- Marc Low, Director, Innovation & Emerging Technology, KPMG Canada [Read more]
- Prof. Janice Gross Stein, Belzberg Professor of Conflict Management and the Founding Director of the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto, Canada [Read more]
Guest speakers for Nutrition Research Seminar:
- Dr. John L. Sievenpiper, Professor, Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada [Read more]
- Dr. Kristina Petersen, Associate Professor, Professor in Charge, Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, USA [Read more]
Guest speakers for Sustainability Seminar:
- Julie Adams, Vice President, Global Technical & Regulatory Affairs, Almond Board of California, USA [Read more]
- Miriam Gautier, Managing Director, Bösch Boden Spies, Germany [Read more]
- Dr. Miriam Villen King, Chief Scientist, Stahmann Webster, Australia [Read more]
Check Out the Latest Issue of the Nutfruit Magazine
March issue available online
The March 2024 issue of Nutfruit is now available on the INC website. This edition covers a wide range of topics and provides valuable insight into the nut and dried fruit industry. You can read about how the INC is harnessing consumer awareness to drive global nut and dried fruit consumption and whet your appetite for this year’s INC Congress in Vancouver. In the Feature Articles section, you can read about successful programs to improve the environmental and social impact of nuts, an ambitious groundwater recharge project, and more. This issue also features interviews with Tomás Treschanski, one of Argentina’s first chefs to receive a Michelin star, as well as Jodie Johnston, Category Technical Manager – Food on the Move, Prepared Produce, Café & Hospitality at Marks & Spencer. You can also learn about Brazil nuts from the Amazon Rainforest in this edition of the Country/Product Spotlight and read up on the latest industry statistics in our Global Statistical Review. Download to read it now! [Read Nutfruit online]
New Discovery in Peanut Defense Mechanisms Against Aflatoxins
The findings hold promise for the future development of fully resistant varieties
A recent study shed light on the natural resistance exhibited by some peanut varieties to Aspergillus flavus infection and subsequent aflatoxin contamination. Researchers used a metabolomics-based systems biology approach to understand the biochemistry behind increased peanut resistance to Aspergillus infection. The study reports the linkage between two specific metabolites and the level of resistance exhibited by peanut varieties. The two key metabolites, hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) and lignin precursor levels, were higher in the resistant genotype. [Read more]
FDA Approves Medication to Help Reduce Allergic Reactions to Peanut and Cashew
Xolair is the first and only FDA-approved medicine to reduce allergic reactions in people with one or more food allergies
On February 16, 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Xolair (omalizumab) injection for immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy in certain adults and children 1 year or older for the reduction of allergic reactions —including reducing the risk of anaphylaxis— that may occur with accidental exposure to one or more foods, including peanuts and cashews. The safety and efficacy of omalizumab in reducing allergic reactions in subjects with food allergies was established in a clinical trial... [Read more]
Sustainability Updates
The INC’s latest installment of sustainability news includes updates on several key proposals currently making their way through the EU legislative process —including the Green Claims Directive, the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive and the proposed revision of the Waste Framework Directive— as well as Australia’s decision to include sustainability factors in the next edition of the country’s official dietary guidelines. [Read more]
International Trade News
The INC’s latest trade news update includes information about Kenya’s publication of a draft standard on almond kernels, new phytosanitary import requirements in Chile, Panama and Türkiye, a free trade deal between Sri Lanka and Thailand, and China’s announcement of the addition of almond hulls to its official feed ingredients catalogue, paving the way for the import of these products. [Read more]
Food Safety Updates
The INC’s latest food safety news covers the publication of the FAO’s updated General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) database, EU regulatory changes affecting plant protection products, a UK regulation seeking to control high-risk food and food not of animal origin imported into Great Britain, and the European Commission’s first monthly Report on EU Agri-Food Fraud Suspicions. [Read more]
Marketing Orders
The INC’s latest update on marketing orders covers a decrease in the assessment rate for hazelnuts grown in Oregon and Washington, the suspension of the federal marketing order regulating dried prunes produced in California, and the announcement of a referendum for eligible US peanut producers to decide whether to continue their research and promotion program. [Read more]
Food Safety Update: March 2024
FAO: Updated General Standard for Food Additives Database is Now Online
In February, Codex Alimentarius unveiled an updated version of its online General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) database. With this update, the searchable database now reflects the 2023 revision of the GSFA, which sets forth the conditions under which permitted food additives may be used in all foods.
EU: Commission Publishes First Monthly Report on EU Agri-Food Fraud Suspicions
In January, the Commission published its first Report on EU Agri-Food Fraud Suspicions. These reports, which henceforth will be published monthly, include “non-compliances with fraud suspicions” of a cross-border nature identified and shared between members of the Alert and Cooperation Network (ACN) and retrieved from its three components: the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed network (RASFF), the Administrative Assistance and Cooperation network (AAC) and the Agri-Food Fraud Network (FFN).
EU: Plant Protection Product Update
The European Union notified the World Trade Organization (WTO) of a draft Commission Implementing Regulation renewing the approval of the active substance metconazole as a candidate for substitution, given that metconazole is considered a persistent and toxic substance.
The EU also notified the WTO of a draft Commission Implementing Regulation withdrawing the approval of the active substance acibenzolar-S-methyl.
In March, the Commission published Implementing Regulations renewing the approval of hydrolyzed proteins, urea and trinexapac, as well as an Implementing Regulation approving magnesium hydroxide E528.
UK: Increased Official Controls on Imports of Non-Animal Products
The government of the United Kingdom has published the Official Controls (Import of High-Risk Food and Feed of Non-Animal Origin) (Amendment of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1793) Regulations 2024. These regulations seek to control high-risk food and food not of animal origin imported into Great Britain. The changes are summarized in the table below:
| Country of origin | Product | Hazard | Frequency of physical and identity checks |
| Argentina | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 10% |
| Bolivia | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Brazil | Peanuts and some derived products | Pesticide residues | 20% |
| Brazil nuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% | |
| China | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 10% |
| Egypt | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 20% |
| The Gambia | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Georgia | Hazelnuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 20% |
| Ghana | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| India | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Iran | Pistachios and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Madagascar | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Senegal | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Sudan | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% |
| Türkiye | Dried figs and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 20% |
| Pistachios and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 50% | |
| United States | Peanuts and some derived products | Aflatoxins | 10% |
| Uzbekistan | Dried apricots | Sulfites | 50% |
For more information, see the regulations for England, Wales and Scotland.
USA: Public Meeting Sponsored by U.S. Codex Office
The U.S. Codex Office is sponsoring a public meeting on March 21, 2024. The objective of the public meeting is to provide information and receive public comments on agenda items and draft US positions to be discussed at the 17th Session of the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods (CCCF17). Agenda items to be discussed at the meeting include the definition of ready-to-eat peanuts for the establishment of a maximum level for total aflatoxins in this product.
Marketing Orders: March 2024
USA: Assessment Rate Decreased for Hazelnuts Grown in Oregon and Washington
A rule issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) implements a recommendation from the Hazelnut Marketing Board to decrease the assessment rate established for the 2023–2024 marketing year and subsequent marketing years. This rule decreases the assessment rate from US$0.006 per pound to US$0.005 per pound for the 2023–2024 marketing year and subsequent marketing years. The rule takes effect on April 5, 2024, and will remain in effect indefinitely unless modified, suspended or terminated.
USA: Suspension of Federal Marketing Order for Dried Prunes Produced in California
The Agricultural Marketing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has issued a final rule suspending the federal marketing order regulating dried prunes produced in California effective August 1, 2023, through July 31, 2030. After operating for 18 years without handling regulations, the Prune Administrative Committee recommended that AMS indefinitely suspend the order. After reviewing the Committee’s recommendation, AMS determined that regulatory suspension with a sunset provision of seven years is appropriate. This suspension period extends through the end of the 2029/30 crop year and provides the industry sufficient time to assess whether the order’s reinstatement is beneficial. If no recommendation is made by the Committee to reinstate the order by the end of the 2029/30 crop year, AMS will proceed to terminate the order.
USA: USDA Sets Dates for Peanut Promotion Research and Information Program Continuance Referendum
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that it will conduct a referendum from April 8-19, 2024, for eligible US producers of peanuts to decide whether to continue their research and promotion program. Persons engaged in the production and sale of peanuts at the time of the referendum and during the representative period of January 1 to December 31, 2022, are eligible to vote. The order will continue if it is favored by a majority of producers voting in the referendum.
Latest Trade News and Agreements: March 2024
Chile: Phytosanitary Requirements on Imported Cashew
Exempt Resolution No. 5934/2024 establishing phytosanitary import requirements for cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale) from any country of origin was published in Chile’s official gazette on February 1, 2024. Aspects covered include the following:
- Official phytosanitary certificate issued by the country of origin, with the following additional declaration: “The shipment has been treated for Trogoderma granarium (Col., Dermestidae), and Corcyra cephalonica (Lep., Pyralidae)”
- Fumigation treatments accepted
- Alternative additional declaration accepted
- Requirements concerning shipment, transport and inspection
The regulation will enter into force 60 days after publication.
China: Almond Hulls Gain Market Access
On January 12, 2024, China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) announced the addition of almond hulls to its official feed ingredients catalogue, paving the way for the import of these products. Companies interested in exporting feed ingredients to China must ensure that their products are included in the feed ingredients catalogue and that the facilities are listed by China’s General Administration of Customs (GACC) before the products are shipped.
Kenya: Draft Standard on Almond Kernels
In January, Kenya notified the World Trade Organization of the publication of a draft standard on almond kernels. The document specifies requirements, methods of sampling and test for shelled raw, roasted, blanched and fried almond kernels intended for human consumption. The feedback period ends on March 26, 2024.
Panama: Updated Phytosanitary Import Requirements for Prunes
Panama has notified the World Trade Organization of an update to its phytosanitary import requirements for prunes from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, France, Spain and the United States.
Sri Lanka–Thailand: Free Trade Deal
Sri Lanka and Thailand signed the Sri Lanka–Thailand Free Trade Agreement (SLTFTA) in early February. The agreement is comprehensive in scope, covering trade in goods, rules of origin, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade, and more.
Türkiye: Phytosanitary Import Requirements for Dates and Dried Corinthian Grapes
The Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has notified the World Trade Organization that, as of March 31, 2024, Türkiye will require dates and dried Corinthian grapes to have a phytosanitary certificate upon entry into Türkiye and will subject them to phytosanitary control. These products will be returned or destroyed if they do not have a phytosanitary certificate issued by the national plant protection organization of the exporting country or if they are found to be non-compliant as a result of the phytosanitary control.
Sustainability Update: March 2024
Australia: Revised Dietary Guidelines to Incorporate Sustainability
The Dietary Guidelines Expert Committee of Australia’s National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has identified sustainable diets —accessible, affordable and equitable with low environmental impacts— as a high priority for inclusion in the next edition of the country’s official dietary guidelines, slated for publication in 2026.
EU: Sustainable Use Regulation to Be Withdrawn
In a speech at the Parliament on February 6, 2024, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced that she would withdraw the Commission’s proposed Sustainable Use Regulation (SUR), which sought to halve pesticide use by 2030. “The SUR proposal has become a symbol of polarization,” explained von der Leyen. “It has been rejected by the European Parliament. There is no progress anymore in the Council either. So we have to do something.” Consequently, the Commission’s 2009 directive on the sustainable use of pesticides will remain in place for the foreseeable future.
EU: Corporate Sustainability Reporting Update
On February 7, the Council and Parliament reached a provisional deal to delay the adoption of sustainability reporting standards for certain sectors and for certain third-country undertakings, amending the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). The agreement would give more time for companies to prepare for the sectorial European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) and for specific standards for large non-EU companies, which will be adopted in June 2026, two years later than the originally scheduled date. The provisional agreement now needs to be endorsed and formally adopted by both institutions before it can be published in the Official Journal.
EU: Parliament Adopts Proposal on Food Waste
On February 14, 2024, the European Parliament’s Environment Committee adopted its position on the proposed revision of the Waste Framework Directive. A plenary session of Parliament adopted its position on the proposal in March. The file will be followed up by the new Parliament after the European elections in June.
EU: Directive Banning Greenwashing Published in Official Journal
On March 6, 2024, Directive (EU) 2024/825, which empowers consumers for the green transition through better protection against unfair practices and through better information, was published in the Official Journal of the European Union. This directive amends the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) and the Consumer Rights Directive (CRD) and prohibits the making of a generic environmental claim without recognized excellent environmental performance relevant to the claim. Member States will have two years to transpose the directive into their national legislation.
EU: Parliament Adopts Position on Green Claims Directive
On March 11-12, 2024, the European Parliament debated and voted on the proposal for a directive on the substantiation and communication of explicit environmental claims (Green Claims Directive). Relevant amendments to the draft included clearer rules for environmental labeling schemes and a simplified procedure for certain environmental claims. After the EU elections in June, the new Parliament will continue working on the file and engage in trilogue negotiations.
EU: Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive Secures Majority Backing of EU Member States
On March 15, 2024, the Permanent Representative Committee endorsed the final compromise text of the proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), with significant changes. For example, reference to higher-risk sectors (including agriculture) has been removed, and employee and turnover thresholds have been increased to 1,000 employees and €450 million, respectively. Parliament will vote on the Directive in the coming weeks.
Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals extracted from hazelnut shells: Production and stability under different harsh conditions
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biodegradable particles that have emerged as promising stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. This study investigated the effectiveness of CNCs in forming the Pickering emulsion from hazelnut shells (HS), an agricultural waste. Following the alkaline and bleaching treatments applied to HS, CNCs were obtained from treated hazelnut shell with acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical characteristics of CNCs were investigated using dynamic light scattering, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. A high crystalline (69.6 %) CNCs with a spherical shape were obtained. Contact angle and interfacial tension tests were conducted and showed that CNCs had amphiphilic nature. Pickering emulsions were investigated for their size, zeta potential, and stability under varying CNC concentrations. The results showed that when CNCs concentration increased from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, droplet diameter decreased approximately 1.8 times and zeta potential increased. Creaming was not observed during 28 days of storage in a concentration of 2.0 wt% CNCs. The CNC stabilized emulsions exhibited high stability within a range of pH, temperatures, and salt concentrations. This study demonstrated that CNCs extracted from HS as environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials, could serve as a new stabilizer for Pickering emulsions especially for high temperature and low pH sensitive products such as mayonnaise.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128982